Vector Packet Processing - Part II - Installing VPP

As a wrap-up to my day, I decided to take one of my CentOS7 servers, and install vpp on it.

I followed the cookbook found at this link:
https://wiki.fd.io/view/VPP/Installing_VPP_binaries_from_packages#RPMs

This link doesn't tell you how to set up the vpp repository, which is necessary to install any of the vpp packages (a yum groupinstall would have been nice for this, actually).

But the link for the repository is here:
https://my-vpp-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gettingstarted/users/installing/centos.html

For convenience I included the snippet below.

$ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/fdio-release.repo
[fdio-release]
name=fd.io release branch latest merge
baseurl=https://nexus.fd.io/content/repositories/fd.io.centos7/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

This didn't take long to do at all. No problem installing packages, no problem starting up the vpp service.

But, it looks to me like old hardware and old network cards don't support vpp. So more work to do.

Unsupported PCI Device Errors on vpp service startup

Vector Packet Processing - Part I

Yesterday, I was reading up on something called Vector Packet Processing (VPP). I had not heard of this, nor the organization called Fd.io (pronounced Fido), which can be found at the following link: http://fd.io

Chasing links to get more up to speed, I found this article, which does a very good indoctrination on these newer networking technologies, which  have emerged to support virtualization, due to the overhead (and redundancy) associated with forwarding packets from NICs, to virtualization hosts, and into the virtual machines.

https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/an-overview-of-advanced-server-based-networking-technologies

I like how the article progresses from the old-style interrupt processing, to OpenVSwitch (OVS), to SR-IOV, to DPDK, and then, finally, to VPP.

I am familiar with OpenVSwitch, which I came into contact with OpenStack, which had OpenVswitch drivers (and required you to install OpenVSwitch on the controller and compute nodes).

I was only familiar with SR-IOV because I stumbled upon it and took the time to read up on what it was. I think it was a virtual Palo Alto Firewall that had SR-IOV NIC Types, if I'm not mistaken. I spent some time trying to figure out if these servers I am running support SR-IOV and they don't seem to have it enabled, that's for sure. Whether they support it would take more research.

And DPDK I had read up on, because a lot of hardware vendors were including FastPath Data switches that were utilizing DPDK for their own in-house virtual switches, or using the DPDK-OpenVSwitch implementation.

But Vector Packet Processing (VPP), this somehow missed me. So I have been doing some catch-up on VPP, which I won't go into detail on in this post or share additional resources on such a large topic. But the link above to Fido is essentially touting VPP.

UPDATE:
I found this link, which is also spectacularly written:
https://www.metaswitch.com/blog/accelerating-the-nfv-data-plane

And, same blog with another link for those wanting the deep dive into VPP:
https://www.metaswitch.com/blog/fd.io-takes-over-vpp

Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS3) - Part II Installation on a Linux Server

Okay for Part II of GNS3, I came in today looking to install GNS3 on a Linux Server.

I noticed that GNS3 is designed to run on Ubuntu Linux, and as I tend to run in a CentOS7 shop, I am now faced with the hump of putting an Ubuntu server in here, or trying to get this to run on CentOS7. It should run on CentOS7, right? After all, this is a Linux world, right? 😏

I decided to take one of my 32Gb RAM servers, an HP box, that runs CentOS7, and follow a cookbook for installing GNS3 on it.

I followed this link:
https://gns3.com/discussions/how-to-install-gns3-on-centos-7-

I chose this box because it runs X Windows. It didn't have Python 3.6 on it, or the pip36 used for installing and managing python 3.6 packages.

A lot of steps in this thing.

Some questions I have about this cookbook that I need to look into:

1. Why does the cookbook use VirtualBox on Linux? I have KVM installed. Surely I can use that instead of VirtualBox. I only use VirtualBox on my Win10 laptop. So I have, for now, skipped that section.

2. What is IOU support? I will need to google that.

UPDATE: IOU (also called IOL, which stands for IOS on Linux, is basically an IOS simulator) that can run on an i386 chipset.  You would need and want that if you run any Cisco elements on the GNS3 simulator.

Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS3) - Part I Initial Introduction on a Laptop

Someone told me about this network modeling and simulation tool called Graphical Network Simulator-3. There is a Wikipedia page on this tool, which can be found here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_Network_Simulator-3

Fascinating tool. Allows you to drag and drop network elements onto a canvas - but unlike the old tools, this tool can actually RUN the elements! To do this, you need to import image files as you drag and drop the elements out on the canvas. Below is an example of how, when dragging a simulated internet cloud onto the canvas will prompt for an image to run on a virtual machine.

Image Files Required for Network Elements in GNS3

Then, once you have the elements properly situated on the canvas, you can use a connector to interconnect them (it will prompt you for the NIC interface), and then, once your interconnection points are established, you can click a "run" button.

If all goes well everything turns green and packets start to flow. There is a built-in packet trace on each link line, which will dump packets to a file if you choose to do a packet capture.

Linux rpm package management tools with rpmbuilder and rpmreaper

In all of my years of using Linux, I have never created a package with a package manager build tool. I have of course used rpm, all the time. Querying packages, installing packages, removing packages. I just haven't generated, or built, a package myself. Until now.

We use CentOS here, which is a Red Hat Linux distribution. And Red Hat uses the Red Hat Package Manager (rpm) tools to administratively manage software packages on operating systems that are based on Red Hat Linux. Every package on an rpm-based system has a ".rpm" file suffix, and there is a binary called "rpm" that is used to install, uninstall, query, etc any and all packages on a system (that were created with Red Hat Package Management).

I had always heard that working with rpms (generating them) was tedious, painful, and a general pain in the a$$. One reason has to do with package dependencies. You can run into mutual or circular dependencies, nested dependencies, and many other issues. So I probably avoided making packages for these reasons.

One little-known, but very cool tool, is called rpmreaper. It is part of the epel-release repository. If you run this tool, you can visually inspect details about packages, as shown below.

Sample Screenshot of rpmreaper rpm Package Panagement Tool

So while I had no idea what I was doing, I spent a full day making a package and it didn't go too badly.  The rpm I put together parks a couple of kernel drivers and a configuration file on the system. That's it. Sounds simple, huh? Guess again.

First, kernel drivers it turns out, are compressed on Linux systems now. So I needed to use xz to compress the kernel drivers. Which means an uninstall needs to remove the compressed kernel drivers because the .ko files won't be there. And, when plopping new kernel modules onto a system, you do need to run commands like depmod to re-generate dependencies between the modules.

Now this rpm probably goes beyond what a typical rpm would do. I think as a best practice, an rpm will move files to where they need to be, or remove files from where they should be. That's it. And, they may do system things in an effort to support that charter.

Dependencies
I built the kernel drivers outside of the rpm. I could have gotten heavy and sophisticated and had the rpm compile the kernel drivers. This opens up a can of works about chipsets, target architectures, etc. I decided to keep it simple and that was easy to do, fortunately, because my box was an x86_64 architecture and so was the target boxes they wanted to install the rpms on.

So originally, I had dependencies for packages in the group "Development Tools". I commented those out. I instead put JUST the dependencies that the scripting in the rpm needed.

• bash
• xz (for compressing the kernel modules)
• NetworkManager (nmcli)
• ModemManager (mmcli)

Package Success or Failure

There was so much scripting to check for or start/stop services, and or load/unload kernel drivers that I learned that system return codes aside of the normal 0 exit code would cause the package install or package remove to fail outright. 

My solution to this was to provide feedback in the form of echo commands, and use an "|| true" (or true) to ensure that the command didn't cause the rpm itself to bail out. Because, the commands were really for for administrator convenience - not so much related to the deployment/removal of necessary files.

Definitions

Originally I was defining shell variables in the specific shell functions of the rpm specfile. That became redundant and error prone very quickly when I needed access to these same variables in pre/post script of both the install/uninstall sections of the rpm specfile.

Hence, I had to quickly learn and make use of definitions.Which are sort of like global variables. But, definitions are only used on the creation of the rpm itself. They are not referenced when you install or uninstall the package.

Versioning

Rpm specfiles, as you would expect, have nice versioning support, and it is wise to make use of that and document in your specfile what you are doing in each version iteration! 

Ok, in summary, this was interesting to have FINALLY created my own rpm package. I am sure there is a LOT more to learn, and the sophistication can go way beyond what my rpm is doing right now. I have about a 300 line specfile, mainly due to all of the scripting logic. I am only deploying 5 files in this rpm.

Sierra Wireless EM7455 LTE Card on CentOS7

I had someone approach me trying to get some help. He had a Sierra Wireless LTE card that he wanted to use on CentOS7.  He had Network Manager running, and ModemManager, and he had two kernel modules loaded up called qcserial and qmi_wwan, but ModemManager would not recognize the card. So that's where we start.

I am not a low level expert on drivers these days (I don't do that day in day out), but have had some experience with drivers for wireless devices, such as USB 802.11x sticks. I had a TrendNet one years ago that wouldn't work with Linux until I found some sketch drivers on the web that I compiled and got to work. But, that entailed Network Manager and wpa_supplicant...not ModemManager. This was my first dive into LTE cards and drivers. Furthermore, I did not have the card in my hand, or on my own system.

So, apparently Ubuntu supports these cards natively, but CentOS7 doesn't.

I noticed that CentOS 7 does include a sierra.ko (sierra.ko.xz) module, which I thought should work with a Sierra Wireless EM7455 LTE-A card, which uses a Snapdragon X7 chip. We tested that out, by loading the sierra kernel module manually and starting ModemManager. No luck. Maybe it doesn't work with this EM7455 card? Not sure. I did see some support threads on the sierra.ko kernel module where the module only works for Sierra cards because Sierra does some interesting power management stuff with their driver (they made mention of another option.ko kernel module that should work with most other LTE cards). But this card, the EM7455 is indeed a Sierra LTE card. And the sierra.ko module didn't seem to work.

There are also a couple of other kernel modules that ARE on a CentOS7 box. These are called:

• qcserial
• qmi_wwan

The qcserial module creates a /dev/ttyUSB interface. The qmi_wwan creates a /dev/cdc-wdm interface. My understanding is that the serial interface is a control protocol for commands and statistics while the other is used for data transmission/reception (Tx/Rx). This is all part of a protocol called QMI; a Qualcomm protocol.

If you want to learn more about these protocols, this link below is absolutely fascinating as it discusses distinctions between GSM and CDMA, and the history of CDMA which has ties to Hollywood and a Beautiful Actress. Eventually it gets into QMI.

https://blogs.gnome.org/dcbw/2010/04/15/mobile-broadband-and-qualcomm-proprietary-protocols/

I think what is/was happening, is that when you crank the EM7455 card, these two drivers, qcserial and qmi_wwan are loaded but ModemManager still doesn't recognize the card. Either does NetworkManager.

So - the engineer heard that if he got access to two new drivers, GobiNet and GobiSerial, which are generated from a Sierra Wireless SDK, the card would work. You would need to blacklist the qcserial and qmi_wwan drivers though. The problem: how to get the SDK. I guess there might be some reason why Sierra Wireless doesn't release this SDK, which is probably, maybe, tied to royalties or licensing to Qualcom.

So we eventually obtained the SDK. We compiled it, and it produces, for our x86_64 architecture, two kernel modules:

• GobiNet
• GobiSerial

We (I) created an rpm (separate blog post about rpm package creation) to do all of the voodoo to get these drivers installed, along with the blacklist file, and configure an apn connection to a Verizon LTE access point.

Voila'. The drivers work! I think he said something about it using a ppp interface, though. And we specifically compiled GobiNet to use rawip with a rawip=1 setting on the Makefile.  So we may need to look into that but at least the LTE modem is now working.

By the way. You cannot rely just on Syslog for information about LTE. Because these are kernel drivers, you need to use dmesg to see what these modules are barking out!

So some more testing the engineer will do. But we have something that seems to work. I will wait to hear more feedback.

OpenStack - Discussion on Cells

I have a partner who is still using OpenStack Newton.

I was asked to look into this, because OpenStack Newton is no longer supported by the OpenStack community; it has been End of Life'd (EOL).

OpenStack Ocata is still supported. I at one time set this up, and I didn't see any notable differences between Ocata and Newton, and my Service Orchestrator (Open Baton) seemed to still work with Ocata.

Ocata introduces the concept of Cells. Cells is an architecture concept that apparently (if I understand correctly), replaces (enhances?) the previous concept of Regions. It changes the way OpenStack is run, in terms of control and delegation of nodes and resources (Compute Node resources, specifically). It is a more hierarchical approach.

Here is a link on cells that I read to get this understanding: Discussion about OpenStack Cells

I didn't stop there, either. I read some more.

It turns out CERN (Particle Physics!? They run those Particle Accelerators and do stuff  more complex than anything I am writing about!?) - THEY are (I assume they still are) big on OpenStack. Tons of and tons of material on what CERN is doing. Architectures, Topologies, yada yada. I don't have time to read all of that.

But, I did read THIS article, on moving from Cells v1 to Cells v2. It told me all I  need to know. If you are using Cells, you need to jump over the Ocata release, and use Queens or later. Because more than half the OpenStack modules were deaf, dumb and blind as to the notion of what a Cell is. Obviously this causes problems.

So I guess the concept of a Cell is somewhat Beta, and partially supported in Ocata.

I guess you could move to Ocata in a small lab if you are not using Cells, and if the API remains a constant in conjunction with what happens to be leveraging it.

If anyone reads this, by all means feel free to correct and comment as necessary.